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Dr. John F. Carmichael was a native of Pennsylvania and became a surgeon at Fort Adams, on the Mississippi River south of Natchez, around 1798. He was also the first collector of duties at the port of Natchez when the Mississippi District was formed around 1800. He was appointed to the staff of territorial governor Williams as a major in 1805. Carmichael made his home at Pinckneyville, a small settlement just north of the Louisiana border, where he maintained a plantation. It grew in size and value as cotton farming became profitable in the 1800s. He also became one of the leading men of wealth and largest slave owner in the Natchez area from 1807 to 1812, primarily through his cotton business, which later became his occupation more so that of surgeon.

Reputedly, Dr. Carmichael was involved with the Aaron Burr conspiracy and was arrested by Cato West in 1806. He was also connected to the court-martial of General Wilkinson. Carmichael was a prominent Federalist supporter. He never married, and it seems he was on good terms with only a few people in his later life. As his health decline, his nephew John Carmichael Jenkins (see below) came to Pinckneyville in 1835 to help him manage the plantation. It was not long, however, before Carmichael had the nephew running the operation. In late 1837 Dr. Carmichael died and left a vast, entangled estate, which his nephew had to sort through as administrator.

Teok Carrasco was a self-taught Cuban painter best know for religious scenes, landscapes, and brightly colored murals.

Ignacio Carrera-Jústiz is a Cuban architect living in Miami, Florida.

South Florida attorney James Milton Carson actively promoted drainage and reclamation of the Florida Everglades during the first quarter of the 20th century. In 1915, Carson convinced Judge Ion Farris to make drainage the central issue in his gubernatorial campaign platform. Although Farris lost the election, the drainage issue returned to the forefront of state politics.

The issue of drainage in the Everglades played a role in Florida politics since the mid-1800's. Many of Florida's early farmers hoped to transform the Everglades into viable farmlands. In 1848 the state legislature requested that the federal government donate all Florida swamp lands "on the condition that the State will drain them and apply the proceeds of the sale...to purposes of education." The Congress agreed to the grant as long as "the proceeds of said lands, ... be applied, exclusively, ...to the purpose of reclaiming said lands." Subsequent governors and legislators violated these conditions, frequently offering drainage lands as "incentives" to railroad companies. Progressive governors in the early 1900's reclaimed much of the land promised to railroads, and Governor William Bonaparte Broward initiated a vast drainage project in 1906. The Florida Internal Improvement Fund and a state drainage tax financed the purchase of dredging machines and

other expenses.

Following Broward's term as governor, drainage funds were depleted and the Drainage Board, created by the legislature in 1907, failed to collect sufficient taxes to maintain drainage operations. Sales of drainage lands financed a portion of the dredging work, but investors were reluctant to purchase swamp lands once the drainage process had slowed. By 1915, with no significant progress on the horizon, a group of Ft. Lauderdale residents organized a "Back to Broward League," dedicated to justice for the "20,000 men and women in the United States who have bought Everglades land."

Carson sought to restore Broward's plan for rapid and comprehensive drainage of the Everglades by convincing an elected official of its merits. Carson believed that "The work will not be accomplished satisfactorily until we have in power a man who has

the project at heart, who realizes its magnitude and importance, who will give it attention, ... that man can either be the governor or someone put in charge by the state..." Carson convinced Judge Ion Farris to support the reinstitution of Broward's project.

Farris, a Democratic candidate in the 1916 gubernatorial race, lost in the primary, but he did publicize the drainage matter, forcing the other candidates to address the issue.